Current Issue : October - December Volume : 2018 Issue Number : 4 Articles : 5 Articles
Salmonella and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli are two of the main causes of foodborne\ndisease globally, and while they have been implicated as possible causes of foodborne disease within\nthe Caribbean region, the actual incidence is unknown. Trinidad and Tobago, one of the larger\ncountries in the Caribbean, has an estimated annual foodborne disease burden of over 100,000 cases\nand, similar to other countries, the etiology of most of these cases is unknown. Both pathogens\ncan reside as part of the normal gastrointestinal microflora of many wild and domestic animals,\nwith animals acting as reservoirs, spillover hosts, or dead-end hosts. Carriage in animal species can be\nasymptomatic or, in the case of Salmonella in particular, there may be clinical manifestation in animals,\nwhich resemble the disease seen in humans. In this review, we will focus on the epidemiology of\nthese two foodborne pathogens in Trinidad and Tobago and identify any knowledge gaps in the\npublished literature. The filling of this critical knowledge void is essential for the development and\nimplementation of appropriate mechanisms to reduce the dissemination and transmission of these\npathogens, not only in Trinidad and Tobago, but also in the wider Caribbean....
Dog and cat vaccination consultations are a common part of small animal practice in\nthe United Kingdom. Few data are available describing what happens during those consultations\nor what participants think about their content. The aim of this novel study was to investigate\nthe attitudes of dog and cat owners and veterinary surgeons towards the content of small animal\nvaccination consultations. Telephone interviews with veterinary surgeons and pet owners captured\nrich qualitative data. Thematic analysis was performed to identify key themes. This study reports\nthe theme describing attitudes towards the content of the consultation. Diverse preferences exist for\nwhat should be prioritised during vaccination consultations, and mismatched expectations may lead\nto negative experiences. Vaccination consultations for puppies and kittens were described to have\na relatively standardised structure with an educational and preventative healthcare focus. In contrast,\nadult pet vaccination consultations were described to focus on current physical health problems\nwith only limited discussion of preventative healthcare topics. This first qualitative exploration of\nUK vaccination consultation expectations suggests that the content and consistency of adult pet\nvaccination consultations may not meet the needs or expectations of all participants. Redefining\npreventative healthcare to include all preventable conditions may benefit owners, pets and veterinary\nsurgeons, and may help to provide a clearer structure for adult pet vaccination consultations.\nThis study represents a significant advance our understanding of this consultation type....
The present study was targeted to observe the differences in serum protein concentrations in coccidiosis affected goats from that of healthy goats. Blood samples were collected from 25 goats affected with coccidiosis and 25 goats that are healthy from the villages of Bodhan Mandal, Nizamabad District, Telangana State. When analyzed for serum proteins, the goats effected with coccidiosis shown significantly (P˂ 0.05) decreased levels of serum total proteins, serum albumins and A/G ratio and significant (P˂ 0.05) increase in the serum globulin levels when compared to the healthy goats. The changes in the serum proteins in the affected goats may be attributed to the poor health condition of the goats due to coccidiosis. The study establishes the facts of caprine coccidiosis, which was less studied in this region....
An endogenous retrovirus (ERV) is a remnant of an ancient retroviral infection in the host\ngenome. Although most ERVs have lost their viral productivity, a few ERVs retain their replication\ncapacity. In addition, partially inactivated ERVs can present a potential risk to the host via their\nencoded virulence factors or the generation of novel viruses by viral recombination. ERVs can also\neventually acquire a biological function, and this ability has been a driving force of host evolution.\nTherefore, the presence of an ERV can be harmful or beneficial to the host. Various reports about\npaleovirology have revealed each event in ERV evolution, but the continuous processes of ERV\nevolution over millions of years are mainly unknown. A unique ERV family, ERV-DC, is present in\nthe domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) genome. ERV-DC proviruses are phylogenetically classified into\nthree genotypes, and the specific characteristics of each genotype have been clarified: their capacity\nto produce infectious viruses; their recombination with other retroviruses, such as feline leukemia\nvirus or RD-114; and their biological functions as host antiviral factors. In this review, we describe\nERV-DC-related phenomena and discuss the continuous changes in the evolution of this ERV in the\ndomestic cat....
The aim of this study was to conduct a series of paper-based exercises in order to assess\nthe negative (adverse) welfare impacts, if any, of common interventions on domestic horses across a broad range of different contexts of equine care and training. An international panel (with professional\nexpertise in psychology, equitation science, veterinary science, education, welfare, equestrian coaching,\nadvocacy, and community engagement; n = 16) met over a four-day period to define and assess these\ninterventions, using an adaptation of the domain-based assessment model. The interventions were\nconsidered within 14 contexts: C1Weaning; C2 Diet; C3 Housing; C4 Foundation training; C5 Ill-health\nand veterinary interventions (chiefly medical); C6 Ill-health and veterinary interventions (chiefly\nsurgical); C7 Elective procedures; C8 Care procedures; C9 Restraint for management procedures;\nC10 Road transport; C11 Activityââ?¬â?competition; C12 Activityââ?¬â?work; C13 Activityââ?¬â?breeding females;\nand C14 Activityââ?¬â?breeding males. Scores on a 1ââ?¬â??10 scale for Domain 5 (the mental domain) gathered\nduring the workshop were compared with overall impact scores on a 1ââ?¬â??10 scale assigned by the\nsame panellists individually before the workshop. The most severe (median and interquartile range,\nIQR) impacts within each context were identified during the workshop as: C1 abrupt, individual\nweaning (10 IQR 1); C2 feeding 100% low-energy concentrate (8 IQR 2.5); C3 indoor tie stalls with\nno social contact (9 IQR 1.5); C4 both (i) dropping horse with ropes (9 IQR 0.5) and forced flexion\n(9 IQR 0.5); C5 long-term curative medical treatments (8 IQR 3); C6 major deep intracavity surgery\n(8.5 IQR 1); C7 castration without veterinary supervision (10 IQR 1); C8 both (i) tongue ties (8 IQR 2.5)\nand (ii) restrictive nosebands (8 IQR 2.5); C9 ear twitch (8 IQR 1); C10 both (i) individual transport\n(7.00 IQR 1.5) and group transport with unfamiliar companions (7 IQR 1.5); C11 both (i) jumps racing\n(8 IQR 2.5) andWestern performance (8 IQR 1.5); C12 carriage and haulage work (6 IQR 1.5); C13 wet\nnurse during transition between foals (7.5 IQR 3.75); and C14 teaser horse (7 IQR 8). Associations\nbetween pre-workshop and workshop scores were high, but some rankings changed after workshop\nparticipation, particularly relating to breeding practices. Domain 1 had the weakest association\nwith Domain 5. The current article discusses the use of the domain-based model in equine welfare\nassessment, and offers a series of assumptions within each context that future users of the same\napproach may make when assessing animal welfare under the categories reported here. It also\ndiscusses some limitations in the framework that was used to apply the model....
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